--- title: Functional Programming in JavaScript | A Practical Guide description: Functional Programming in JavaScript for creating software by composing pure functions, avoiding shared state, or side effects. image: https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-functional-programing-in-javascript.png --- - [![xenonstack-logo](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-logo-new-relase.svg)](https://www.xenonstack.com/) - - Foundry Foundry Unified reasoning foundation enabling seamless orchestration, analytics, infrastructure, and trust across intelligent ecosystems [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/our-purpose-line-icon.svg) Akira AI - Reasoning and Agent Orchestration Turn models into collaborative, policy-governed agents that learn and act together](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/akira-ai/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/autonomous-operations-icon.svg) ElixirData - Agentic Analytics Intelligence Explainable, decision-centric analytics for measurable business outcomes](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/elixirdata/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/digital-immune-system-icon.svg) NexaStack - Agentic Infrastructure Automation Secure, compliant, and high-performance AI deployment across cloud, edge, and on-prem](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/nexastack-unified-inference/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-hr-and-recruitment.svg) MetaSecure - Trust, Compliance, and Defense Continuous assurance with AI-BOMs, risk scoring, and agentic security](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/metasecure/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-header-icon.svg) Neural AI – Agentic Intelligence & Autonomous Innovation AI agents for intelligent automation and adaptive innovation](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/neural-ai/) ### Reasoning Stack Powers intelligent systems with unified orchestration, adaptive analytics, scalable infrastructure, and built-in trust [See in action ![cta-arrow](https://www.elixirclaw.ai/hubfs/dropdown-assets/cta-arrow.svg)](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-ai/analytics-platform/) ![platfom-image](https://9471087.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/9471087/Imported%20images/build-your-next-intelligent-workflows-banner-image.svg) - AI Agents AI Agents Pre-built autonomous agents designed for domain-specific intelligence, seamless integrations, and governed enterprise deployment By Domain [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-enterprise-operational-analytics.svg) Agentic Operations AgentSRE and AgentOps for automated reliability and IT operations](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-operations/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-fintech.svg) Agentic Finance FinOps Agent and Budget Enforcer for optimized financial governance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-finance/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/case-study-icon.svg) Agentic Risk and Compliance Audit Agent and Risk Assurance to automate compliance monitoring](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-risk-compliance/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-digital-experience-platform.svg) Agentic Analytics Analyst Agent and Decision Advisor for AI-driven insights and strategy](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-analytics/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/developer-experience-icon.svg) Agentic Supply Chain AI-powered advisor for smart sourcing, vendor insights, and strategic procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-procurement/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-serverless-application-development.svg) Agentic Security AI-driven defense delivering proactive threat detection and autonomous security orchestration](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-security/) By Integration [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-metaverse.svg) Snowflake AI Agents Pre-built connectors for real-time data intelligence on Snowflake](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/snowflake-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-cloud-migration.svg) Databricks AI Agents AI agents for automated data workflows and insights on Databricks](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/databricks-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-application-modernization.svg) ServiceNow AI Agents AI workflows to streamline service, incident, and operations automation](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/servicenow-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-devsecops.svg) Jira/Project Management Agents AI agents for backlog grooming, sprint planning, and real-time project visibility](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/jira-agents-actions/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-digital-experience-platform.svg) SAP AI Agents AI copilots for finance, supply chain, and HR decisions across your SAP landscape](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/sap-agents-actions/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-hr-and-recruitment.svg) Oracle AI Agents AI agents for financials, risk, and operations intelligence across Oracle applications](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/oracle-agents-actions/) - Solutions Solutions Governed AI solutions driving measurable business outcomes across operations, finance, security, and analytics [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-devops.svg) ReliabilityOps — Cloud Reliability Automation Automate reliability checks and optimize uptime with continuous reasoning](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/cloudops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-kubernetes.svg) IncidentOps — AI-Driven Site Reliability Resolve incidents faster with AI-led triage, contextual RCA, and adaptive recovery](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/sre-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-custom-software-development.svg) PlatformOps — Unified Platform Automation Unify infrastructure and AI systems with reasoning-driven automation and compliance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/platformops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-customer-analytics.svg) DefenseOps — Autonomous Threat Defense Detect, analyze, and neutralize threats autonomously with adaptive defense intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/responsible-ai-aviator/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-business-intelligence.svg) TrustOps — Responsible AI and Continuous Governance Ensure transparency, fairness, and compliance in every AI system and decision](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/secops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-manufacturing.svg) RiskOps — Predictive Risk Intelligence Predict, score, and mitigate risks proactively with real-time assurance intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/risk-management-aviator/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-explainable-ai.svg) FactoryOps — AI-Driven Industrial Automation Predict equipment failures and optimize production with adaptive intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/industrial-automation-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-enterprise-operational-analytics.svg) AssetOps — Automated Asset Reliability Enable predictive maintenance and optimize lifecycle performance continuously](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/asset-operations-and-maintenance-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-infrastructure%20.svg) QualityOps — Continuous Testing Intelligence Accelerate testing cycles with autonomous validation and reasoning feedback](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/qaops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-insurance.svg) SourcingOps — Intelligent Procurement Automate sourcing, vendor analysis, and spend insights for agile procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/procurement-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-augmented-data-management.svg) DataOps — Autonomous Data Pipeline Governance Ensure reliability, detect anomalies, and self-heal data pipelines automatically](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/dataops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-metaverse.svg) DecisionOps — Intelligent Decisioning Deliver explainable, auditable, and measurable outcomes with reasoning AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/desicison-reimagined/) - Industries Industries Industry blueprints showcasing agentic transformation, real-world impact, and measurable outcomes across key sectors [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-computer-vision.svg) Aerospace and Defense Autonomous flight systems and predictive maintenance powered by AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/aerospace/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-fintech.svg) Banking - Finance - Payments AI governance for secure, compliant, and adaptive financial operations](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/banking/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-retail.svg) Manufacturing and Industrial Automation Smart factories using reasoning systems for real-time quality optimization](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/digital-manufacturing-services/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-cloud-infrastrcuture.svg) Enterprise - IT Operations AI-powered IT operations ensuring reliability, scalability, and cost efficiency](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/enterprise-technology/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/xs-scale-clients-and-partners.svg) Consumer – Experience – Tech Personalized digital experiences driven by explainable and trusted AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/consumer-technology/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-platform-engineering.svg) Retail and Supply Chain Autonomous retail analytics enhancing operations, engagement, and forecasting accuracy](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/retail/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-healthcare.svg) Travel – Hospitality – Guest Experience Agentic systems delivering personalized guest journeys with contextual intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/travel-hospitality/) - Resources Resources Explore insights, success stories, and learning programs that build knowledge and strengthen the AI transformation journey [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/xs-scale-xenonstack-university.svg) Blogs Stay updated with the latest industry trends, news, and thought leadership](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/insights.svg) Insights Explore in-depth AI articles, use cases, and innovative applications](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/use-case.svg) Use Cases Discover real-world applications of Agentic AI across industries](https://www.xenonstack.com/use-cases) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/scale-cloud-native-applications.svg) Case Studies Learn how organizations are achieving success with our solutions](https://xenonstack.com/case-studies) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/video.svg) Video Library Explore our collection of product demos, webinars, and AI thought leadership videos](https://www.xenonstack.com/videos/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ebook.svg) E-Books Download comprehensive e-books on AI, SRE, and more](https://www.xenonstack.com/e-book) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/presentation.svg) Presentations View our AI presentations, talks, and conference sessions on AI innovation](https://www.xenonstack.com/presentations/) - 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Explore career opportunities to work at the forefront of innovation](https://www.xenonstack.com/careers/) - Get Started [![xenonstack-logo](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-logo-new-relase.svg)](https://www.xenonstack.com/) - Foundry ![dropdown-icon](https://www.elixirclaw.ai/hubfs/dropdown-assets/dropdown-icon.svg) [Akira AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/akira-ai/) [ElixirData](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/elixirdata/) [NexaStack](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/nexastack-unified-inference/) [MetaSecure](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/metasecure/) [Neural AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/neural-ai/) - AI Agents ![dropdown-icon](https://www.elixirclaw.ai/hubfs/dropdown-assets/dropdown-icon.svg) [Agentic Operations](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-operations/) [Agentic Finance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-finance/) [Agentic Risk and Compliance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-risk-compliance/) [Agentic Analytics](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-analytics/) [Agentic Supply Chain](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-procurement/) [Agentic Security](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-security/) [Snowflake AI Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/snowflake-ai-agents/) [Databricks AI Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/databricks-ai-agents/) [ServiceNow AI Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/servicenow-ai-agents/) [Jira/Project Management Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/jira-agents-actions/) [SAP AI Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/sap-agents-actions/) [Oracle AI Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/oracle-agents-actions/) - 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Get Started ![Close](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/slider-cross-icon.svg) ## Interested in Solving your Challenges with XenonStack Team ## Get Started Get Started with your requirements and primary focus, that will help us to make your solution First Name \* Please enter a valid First Name Last Name \* Please enter a valid Last Name Business Email ID \* Please enter a valid business email address Contact Number \* Please enter a valid Contact Number Company Website \* Please enter a valid Company Website URL LinkedIn URL \* Please enter a valid LinkedIn URL or N/A Leave this field empty Industry Belongs To \* Please Select your Industry Banking Fintech Payment Providers Wealth Management Discrete Manufacturing Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing / Automation Appliances / Electrical / Electronics Elevator Manufacturing Defense & Space Manufacturing Computers & Electronics / Industrial Machinery Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Food and Beverages Distillery & Wines Beverages Shipping Logistics Mobility (EV / Public Transport) Energy & Utilities Hospitality Digital Gaming Platforms SportsTech with AI Public Safety - 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Proceed Next ## Interested in Solving your Challenges with XenonStack ## Personalization Get Started with your requirements and primary focus, that will help us to make your solution ### What is your Key focus areas? \* AI Workflow and Operations Data Management and Operations AI Governance Analytics and Insights Observability Security Operations Risk and Compliance Procurement and Supply Chain Private Cloud AI Vision AI ### In Which Agentic Platform and Accelerator you are Interested? \* Akira AI - Agentic AI Platform Multi Agent System Metasecure - Autonomous SOC Nexastack – Build and Managed Compound AI Stack Data Foundry XAI – Vision and AI Platform – Visual AI Agents Strategy Consulting AI Managed Services Others (Please Specify) ### Which segment does your company belong to? \* Startup Scale Startup SME Mid Enterprises Large Enterprises Federal Government Non Profits Others (Please Specify) ### At what stage is your AI use case currently in? \* Conceptualized: Use case defined, PoC pending POC Completed In Production with challenges Not yet defined Others (Please Specify) ### What are the primary challenges in adopting AI? \* Data Quality Issues Data Privacy and Compliance Aligning AI with business goals Unclear ROI from POCs Integration with existing ERP systems Scalability Challenges Moving POCs in Production Infrastructure Limitation High Implementation costs Others (Please Specify) ### What kind of infrastructure does your organization currently using? \* AWS Microsoft Azure GCP IBM Cloud Oracle Cloud On Premises Others (Please Specify) ### Are you using any Data platform? \* Databricks SnowFlake Amazon Redshift Azure Synapse Analytics Microsoft Fabric Teradata Oracle Database SAP Hana Informatica Google Cloud BigQuery Others (Please Specify) ### Preferred Approach for AI Transformation \* Assisted Intelligence Agents as Co-Pilot Collaborative Intelligence Agents as AI Teammates Autonomous Intelligence Agents – AI Agents Agentic Actions Agentic Process Automation ### In Which Domain your Solution/Organization belongs to in-terms of Data Privacy, Trustworthy AI \* Internal Organization Highly Regulated Industry (Healthcare, Financials etc) Medium Regulated Non Regulated ### Captcha Verification \* captcha text ![Refresh Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hs-fs/hubfs/refresh.png?width=20&height=20&name=refresh.png) Please select all the required fields Review Previous Submit ![green-checkmark](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/green-checkmark.svg) ## your request has been submitted successfully ! Our XenonStack Team will shortly reach out to you. We are looking forward to showcase how XenonStack can transform your business. ![usecase-banner (1)](https://www.xenonstack.com/hs-fs/hubfs/usecase-banner%20(1).webp?width=1921&height=622&name=usecase-banner%20(1).webp) [Big Data Engineering](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/big-data-engineering) # Functional Programming in JavaScript | A Practical Guide [Navdeep Singh Gill](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/author/navdeep-singh-gill) | 16 August 2024 ## What is Functional Programming? Functional programming (abbreviated as FP) is a programming paradigm in which programs are constructed entirely of pure functions, with no shared mutable state or side effects. We express what to do rather than how to accomplish it in functional programming, which is more declarative than imperative programming. Real-World example is Declarative programming is a type of functional programming. It means that we announce what action job we will do without defining the particular actions we take to complete it. > A way of writing applications using only pure functions and immutable values. Click to explore about, [Functional Programming](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights/functional-programming) ### The Programming Timeline | **Low Level & assembly** | **First Compiler** | Functional  (Declarative) | **OOP** | **Procedural (Imperative)** | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | **1940s** | **1957** | **1958** | **1960s** | **1972** | | Microcontrollers | FORTRAN | Lisp -\> Clojure, Scheme, etc | Simula | **C** | ### Programing Paradigms - Procedural Programing (COBOL, BASIC, Pascal and C) - Object-Oriented (Java, C++, Obj-C) - Functional Programing (Lisp, Clojure, Scheme) #### Sum top 10 expensive things from a list of 100 most expensive things const getTopTenSum = (expensiveStuff) =\> { expensiveStuff.sort((first, second) =\> first.price - second.price); let sum = 0; for (let i = 0; i \< expensiveStuff.length; i++) { sum += expensiveStuff\[i\].price; if (i \>= 10) { return sum; } } }; #### Issues - sort function mutates the array. - The sum variable is mutable. - Declaring the execution flow. We specify what should be done in each step. `const getTopTenSumt = (expensiveStuff) => (` `[...expensiveStuff]` `.sort((first, second) => first.price - second.price)` `.slice(0, 10)` `.reduce((total,item) => total + item.money, 0)` `);` ### Pure Functions A pure function is the function which: - Given the same inputs and always returns the same output, | var xs = \[1,2,3,4,5\] xs.slice(0,3) // \[1,2,3\] xs.slice(0,3) // \[1,2,3\] | var xs = \[1,2,3,4,5\] //not a function xs.splice(0,3) // \[1,2,3\] xs.splice(0,3) // \[4,5\] xs.splice(0,3) // \[\] | | --- | --- | - Has no side-effects ### Side Effects (What we get paid for, what customers care about, they don't care about code) A side effect is any change in the state of an application that is visible outside of the called function but not in its return value. The following are some of the side effects: - Logging to the console - Writing to the screen - Writing to a file - Triggering any external process - Calling any other functions with side-effects Functional programming avoids side effects to make it easier to extend, restructure, debug, test, and maintain a program's effects. > Functional programming is a significant paradigm shift in the software world over the past 10 years. Click to explore about, [Reducing Maintenance Costs With Functional Programming](https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2020/04/10/reducing-maintenance-costs-with-functional-programming/?sh=a250cfdf6434) ### Immutability The problem with the shared state is that you need to know every shared variable's history that the function uses or changes to understand its effects. Problem 1: In JS, arrays, stacks, and maps are all mutable. Solution: make all data structures immutable. `const a=Object.freeze({` `foo: 'Hello',` `bar: 'world',` `});` `a.foo='Namaste 🙏';` Output `//Error: Cannot assign to readonly property 'foo' of object Object` But frozen objects are only superficially immutable. For example, the following object is mutable: `const a = Object.freeze({` `foo: { greeting: 'Hello' },` `bar: 'world',` `});` `a.foo.greeting='Namaste';` `console.log(`${a.foo.greeting},${a.bar}`); //'Namaste 🙏 ,world!'` USE: Immutable.js by Facebook Make all Data Structures, variables immutable and use a copy of the existing data. But this creates another problem (copies). To overcome this, we use Persistent Data Structures like trie (immutable, supports copy operations without a lot of copies). ### Curry A curried function takes several parameters one at a time, returning a function that takes the next parameter, and so on until all parameters have been supplied. At this point, the application is finished and the final value delivered. Binary and unary functions have different shapes. These forms are crucial, just as Lego pieces must fit together. `//unary` `function Increment (x) {` `return x;` `}` `//binary` `function sum(x,y) {` `return x +y;` `}` Functional programmers love unary function, then binary. #### Reusability Through Higher-Order Functions What is a Higher-Order Function? Any function that takes a function as an argument returns a function, or both is a higher-order function. Higher-order functions are frequently utilized in the following applications:  Abstract or isolate actions, effects, or async flow control using callback functions, promises, monads, etc. Create utilities that can act on a wide variety of data types Partially apply a function to its arguments or create a curried function for the purpose of reuse or function composition `function f(...args) {` `return args;` `}` `function unary(fn) {` `return function one(arg)` `return fn(arg)` `};` `}` `function binary(fn) {` `return function two (arg1, arg2) {` `return fn(arg1, args2);` `};` `}` `var g = unary(f)` `var h = binary(f)` `g(1,2,3,4); //[1]` `h(1,2,3,4); // [1,2]` ### Why do we want to curry? We attempted to accomplish this using unary and binary functions. We lower the code's surface area; less code equals less surface area for bugs, resulting in fewer bugs. In the context of function composition, curried functions are convenient. | const add = x =\> y =\> x + y add(3)(2) | function add(x) { return function(y) { return x + y; } } | | --- | --- | `Immutability using curry` `const request = default => options => {` `options = Object.assign(` `{ }, defaults, options` `);` `return fetch(option.url, options).then(res => res.json)` `}` #### What is a partial application? A partial application is a function that has been applied to some of its inputs but not all of them. To put it another way, it's a function with some inputs that are fixed within its closure scope. A partially applied function has some of its arguments fixed. `const add = (num1, num2) => num1 + num2;` `const add3 = partial(add, 3) [function, default value]` `const partial = (fn, ...args) => {` `return (...otherArgs) => {` `return fn(..args, ...otherArgs)` `}` > Setting up Continuous Delivery Pipeline for Continuous Integration and deployment of Scala Microservices application with Jenkins, Docker and Kubernetes. Click to explore about, [Continuous Delivery Pipeline for Scala Application on Kubernetes](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/continuous-delivery-scala-kubernetes) ### Composition What is software development? Breaking down a complicated problem into more minor problems and assembling simple solutions to generate a complete solution to the complex problem - The act of putting together bits or elements to create a whole (general English) - The process of applying a function to another function's output (programing) In algebra, (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)) // g is evaluated first `//normal` `function minus2(x) {return x - 2}` `function triple(x) { return x*3 }` `function increment(x) { return x + 1 }` `//add shipping rate` `var tmp = increment(4);` `tmp = triple(tmp);` `totalCost = basePrice + minus2(tmp)` `//Composition (right to left)` `totalCost = basePrice + minus2(triple(increment(4));` `// Better version (let's create abstraction)` `shippingRate(x) {` `return minus2(triple(increment(x));` `}` `//More better` `function composeThree(fn3, fn2, fn1) {` `return function composed(v) {` `return fn3(fn2(fn1(v))));` `}` `var shippingRate = composeThree(minus2, triple, increment);` `shippingRate(4)` ## Why Functional Programing in JAVASCRIPT Javascript supports multi-paradigm, including functional, object-oriented, procedural, and prototypal programming. FACT: In just ten days, Brendan Eich wrote the initial version of the language that would become JavaScript. ### Why does JS support multiple paradigms? Brendan Eich, who worked at Netscape Communications, created JavaScript in 1995. Brendan Eich's boss advised him to add Java Features because Java was popular at the time, and thus the problem began. Java, Scheme, and Self-inspired JS. - Scheme: Functional programming language (does not have this, objects) inspired from Lisp. - Java: Object-oriented language - Self: Object-oriented programming language based on the concept of prototypes. Self. began as a dialect of Smalltalk. #### Problem `let Dog = {` `sound: 'woof',` `talk: function ( ) {` `console.log(this.sound) //[this depends on where it is called]` `}` `}` `dog.talk( ); //woof` `let talkFunction = Dog.talk` `talkFunction(); //undefined` `let talkFunction = dog.talk` `talkFunction(function does not have this) = dog.talk (method)` #### Solution `let boundFunction = talkFunction.bind(dog) [forcing this to be dog]` `bindFunction( ) //'woof'` this -\> context is important > Code splitting is the splitting of code into components or numerous bundles which can be loaded when there is a demand or in parallel. Click to explore about, [Code-Splitting in ReactJs](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights/code-splitting-in-react) ## What is the difference between Imperative and Declarative? Functional programming is a declarative paradigm, meaning that the program logic is represented without explicitly stating the flow control. Imperative programs spend lines of code detailing the particular actions used to get the desired outputs — flow control: how things are done. Declarative programs abstract the flow control mechanism (the how) and spend lines of code explaining the data flow: What to do instead. ### What are the goals, and why are they important? Any time you write some code, that forces the person to execute it in their head. Its harder to understand, is harder to maintain, is harder to improve, is harder to fix. | **Early** | **Declarative at some time earlier** | **Now this is declarative** | | --- | --- | --- | | ar = \[1,1,1,1\] ar\[0\] +ar\[1\] +ar\[2\] +ar\[3\] | sum = 0 for(i=0; i\< ar.length; i++){ sum += ar\[i\]; } | sum = 0; ar.forEach(num =\> sum + num) | ## What is the difference between Procedures and Function? The below highlighted are the differences between Procedures and Function? ### Procedures To perform a series of steps, a function can be invoked. A procedure is a name for the sequence, and procedural programming is the term for programming in this way. The procedure can take (0-N) inputs, return (0-N) output, and be called multiple times. Suppose it does not have a return keyword. Functions that don't have a return keyword are procedures. In JS, all functions minimally return the undefined value, undefined is also a proper output, but a relationship should be there between input and output. Functions can only call functions. If they call procedure, they become procedure. ### Functions According to Set theory. A mathematical function is a relation between 2 sets, input set, and output set, and & its mapping between two sets. Every function is a single-valued collection of pairs. const toLowerCase = { “A”: “a”, “B”: “b”, ……} Function Purity: There must be the same corresponding output for a given input. You can even plot functions. | f(x) = 2x^2 + 3 | function f(x) { // if you put x coordinate you get a y coordinate out return 2 \* Math.pow(x,2) + 3; } | | --- | --- | Even if you don't love math. But you trust math 1 + 1 = 2 **X** = \[ ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’\] **Y** = a(x) #### What will be the value of x at the end? Let’s call two many functions **Y** = c(a(x) + b(x) + d(x)\*e(x) - 4\*(q(x) -f(x)) **X** -\> is still the same. You don't need to look through 25 pages of code. Math functions do not change over time(Monday or Tuesday..) > A core part of Angular and one of its most significant features. Click to explore about, [Angular Dependency Injection](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/angular-dependency-injection) ## How does ES6 uplift JavaScript in functional programming? ES6 uplift JS in functional programming is explained below: ### Alonzo Church: (professor of Alan Turing) The model computations in terms of pure functions(small units of expression called lambda expressions or anonymous functions) ES6 - Lambda expressions(anonymous functions) `const identity = x => x;` - Rest Operator `const array = (...elements) => {` `return elements;` `}` `array(1,2,3); //1,2,3` - Spread Operator `const numbers = [1, 3, 5, 7];` `function addNumbers(a, b, c, d) {` `return a + b + c + d;` `}` `console.log(addNumbers(...numbers));` - Destructuring `const favSportsPlayers = ["Virat Kholi", "Ronaldo", "Messi"];` `const [indiaTeamCaptain, ...footballPlayers] = favSportsPlayers` `indiaTeamCaptain === "Virat Kholi"` `footballPlayers[0] === “Ronaldo”` `footballPlayers[1] === "Messi"` `const head = ([x]) => x //const head=([x, ...rest]) => {return {x, rest}; }` `head([1,2,3]) === 1` - Immutable Objects create new obj using Object.assign `Object.assign(` `{ },` `{ hello: 'Ankit' },` `{ hi: 'Xenonstack' }` `);` ## Conclusion Still thinking about why you should use functional programming. Functional Programming helps to achieve the Reliability, Portable, Reusable, Testable, Composable, and Properties/ Contracts. - Discover more about [Functional Programming in Scala](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights/functional-programming-in-scala) - Discover more about [Functional Testing and Its Types](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights/what-is-functional-testing) ## Share Article - [![XenonStack Facebook](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-facebook-service.svg)](http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Twitter](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-twitter-white-updated-icon.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=I+found+this+interesting+blog+post&url=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Linked In](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-linkedin-service.svg)](http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Email Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-email-service.svg)](mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) ## Table of Contents ## Share Article - [![XenonStack Facebook](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-facebook-service.svg)](http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Twitter](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-twitter-white-updated-icon.svg)](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=I+found+this+interesting+blog+post&url=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Linked In](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-linkedin-service.svg)](http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) - [![XenonStack Email Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-email-service.svg)](mailto:?subject=Check%20out%20https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript%20&body=Check%20out%20https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript) ## Explore Related Topics [Decision Intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/decision-intelligence) [Cloud Native Applications](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/cloud-native-applications) [Generative AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/generative-ai) [Big Data Engineering](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/big-data-engineering) [FinOps](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/finops) [Data Foundry](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/data-foundry) [XAI](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/xai) [Autonomous Agents](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/autonomous-agents) [MetaSecure AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/metasecure-ai) ![navdeep-singh-gill](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/navdeep-gill-ceo-xenonstack.svg) ## Navdeep Singh Gill Global CEO and Founder of XenonStack Navdeep Singh Gill is serving as Chief Executive Officer and Product Architect at XenonStack. 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[Privacy Policy](https://www.xenonstack.com/privacy-policy/) [Terms and Conditions](https://www.xenonstack.com/terms-and-conditions/) Global Presence : ![india-flag-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/united-states.svg) USA ![india-flag-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/uae-flag-icon.svg) Dubai ![india-flag-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/india-flag-icon.svg) India ![india-flag-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/united-kingdom.svg) UK ![india-flag-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/australia-flag-icon.svg) Australia ✕ ## Agent SRE for Reliability and Observability Solutions AI continuously monitors systems for risks before they escalate. It correlates signals across logs, metrics, and traces. This ensures faster detection, fewer incidents, and stronger reliability - ![Performance Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/performance.svg)Proactive detection of performance and availability issues - ![Root Cause Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/root-cause.svg)Root-cause analysis across microservices and environments - ![Remediation Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/remediation.svg)Automated remediation playbooks to reduce MTTR [Explore Agent SRE](https://agentsre.ai/) ![akira-ai-banner-illustration](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/akira-ai-banner-illustration.svg) ✕ ## Physical Surveillance with Vision AI Agent Technology AI converts camera feeds into instant situational awareness. It detects unusual motion and unsafe behavior in real time. Long hours of video become searchable and summarized instantly - ![Motion Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/motion.svg)Real-time detection of suspicious motion or intrusion - ![Video Search Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/video-search.svg)Natural language video search and instant playback - ![Summary Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/summary.svg)Smart summaries for audits, investigations, and compliance [See Vision AI in Action](https://www.xenonstack.ai/) ![physical-surveillance](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xai-banner-image.svg) ✕ ## Agentic Data Intelligence Across Your Full Data Stack Your data stack becomes intelligent and conversational. Agents surface insights, detect anomalies, and explain trends. Move from dashboards to autonomous, always-on analytics - ![Connects warehouses](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/data-icon.svg)Connects to warehouses, lakes, and streaming sources - ![Question Answering](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/answers.svg)Question-answering in natural language - ![Continuous monitoring](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/monitoring-2.svg)Continuous monitoring for anomalies and KPI deviations [See in Action](https://elixirdata.co/) ![agentic-data-intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/empowerment-of-analysts.svg) ✕ ## Intelligent Diagnostic for Self-Healing System Automation Agents identify recurring failures and performance issues. They trigger workflows that resolve common problems automatically. Your infrastructure evolves into a self-healing environment - ![Diagnostics Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/diagnostic.svg)Automated diagnostics for recurring errors - ![Playbook Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/playbook.svg)Playbook execution: restart services, scale pods, clear queues - ![Feedback Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/feedback.svg)Feedback loop for improving remediation strategies [See in Action](https://agentanalyst.ai/) ![intelligent-diagnostic](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/dataops-reimagined-banner-image.svg) ✕ ## Agentic GRC - Monitoring Risk and Compliance Controls AI continuously checks controls and compliance posture. It detects misconfigurations and risks before they escalate. Evidence collection becomes automatic and audit-ready - ![Controls Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/controls.svg)Continuous control checks across infrastructure and SaaS - ![Audit Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/audit.svg)Automated evidence collection for audits - ![Risk Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/risk.svg)Risk scoring and prioritized remediation recommendations [Explore Agent GRC](https://agentgrc.ai/) ![monitoring-risk-and-compliance](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/enhanced-security-measures.svg) ✕ ## Agentic Finance and Procurement Intelligent Agents Financial and procurement workflows become proactive and insight-driven. Agents monitor spend, vendors, and contracts in real time. Approvals and sourcing decisions become faster and smarter - ![Visibility Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/visibility.svg)Real-time visibility into spend and commitments - ![Anomaly Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/anomaly.svg)Anomaly detection on invoices and vendor performance - ![Workflow Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/workflow.svg)Intelligent workflows for approvals and sourcing decisions [Optimize Finance & Procurement](https://www.xenonify.ai/) ![agentic-finance-and-procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/responsible-ai-aviators-banner-illustration.svg) ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Navdeep Singh Gill", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/author/navdeep-singh-gill" }, "dateModified" : "2024-08-16T04:26:03.779Z", "datePublished" : "2022-01-07T10:07:34.000Z", "headline" : "Functional Programming in JavaScript | A Practical Guide", "image" : [ "https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-functional-programing-in-javascript.png" ], "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript", "@type" : "WebPage" }, "publisher" : { "@type" : "Organization", "logo" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/Xenonstack-Serives%20-3-2-2021-10.png" }, "name" : "Xenonstack Inc" } } ``` ```json { "@context" : "http://schema.org", "@type" : "Organization", "address" : { "@type" : "PostalAddress", "addressCountry" : "USA", "addressLocality" : "Plano", "addressRegion" : "Texas", "postalCode" : "75024", "streetAddress" : "7700 Windrose Ave. " }, "description" : "XenonStack is the #1 Data and AI foundry and technology services company to simplify and scale Enterprise and Generative AI Journeys.", "email" : "business@xenonstack.com", "logo" : "https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8161231/Xenonstack-Serives%20-3-2-2021-10.png", "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/functional-programing-in-javascript", "@type" : "WebPage", "description" : "Functional Programming in JavaScript for creating software by composing pure functions, avoiding shared state, or side effects. " }, "name" : "XenonStack", "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/XenonStack", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/xenonstack/", "https://www.youtube.com/c/XenonStackOfficial", "https://twitter.com/xenonstack" ], "telephone" : "", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/" } ``` ```json { "@context" : "http://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Navdeep Singh Gill" }, "dateModified" : "August 16, 2024, 4:26:03 AM", "datePublished" : "2022-01-07 10:07:34", "description" : "Functional Programming in JavaScript for creating software by composing pure functions, avoiding shared state, or side effects. 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