--- title: Semantic Search Engine with Ontology and Machine learning description: How to build your own Ontology-Based and Semantic Search algorithms on Domain Ontology with Machine learning, Apache Spark and Apache Jena image: https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-semantic-search-based-on-domain-ontology.png --- - [![xenonstack-logo](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-logo-new-relase.svg)](https://www.xenonstack.com/) - - Foundry Foundry Unified reasoning foundation enabling seamless orchestration, analytics, infrastructure, and trust across intelligent ecosystems [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/our-purpose-line-icon.svg) Akira AI - Reasoning and Agent Orchestration Turn models into collaborative, policy-governed agents that learn and act together](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/akira-ai/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/autonomous-operations-icon.svg) ElixirData - Agentic Analytics Intelligence Explainable, decision-centric analytics for measurable business outcomes](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/elixirdata/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/digital-immune-system-icon.svg) NexaStack - Agentic Infrastructure Automation Secure, compliant, and high-performance AI deployment across cloud, edge, and on-prem](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/nexastack-unified-inference/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-hr-and-recruitment.svg) MetaSecure - Trust, Compliance, and Defense Continuous assurance with AI-BOMs, risk scoring, and agentic security](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/metasecure/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-header-icon.svg) Neural AI – Agentic Intelligence & Autonomous Innovation AI agents for intelligent automation and adaptive innovation](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-platforms/neural-ai/) ### Reasoning Stack Powers intelligent systems with unified orchestration, adaptive analytics, scalable infrastructure, and built-in trust [See in action ![cta-arrow](https://www.elixirclaw.ai/hubfs/dropdown-assets/cta-arrow.svg)](https://www.xenonstack.com/agentic-ai/analytics-platform/) ![platfom-image](https://9471087.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/9471087/Imported%20images/build-your-next-intelligent-workflows-banner-image.svg) - AI Agents AI Agents Pre-built autonomous agents designed for domain-specific intelligence, seamless integrations, and governed enterprise deployment By Domain [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-enterprise-operational-analytics.svg) Agentic Operations AgentSRE and AgentOps for automated reliability and IT operations](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-operations/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-fintech.svg) Agentic Finance FinOps Agent and Budget Enforcer for optimized financial governance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-finance/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/case-study-icon.svg) Agentic Risk and Compliance Audit Agent and Risk Assurance to automate compliance monitoring](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-risk-compliance/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-digital-experience-platform.svg) Agentic Analytics Analyst Agent and Decision Advisor for AI-driven insights and strategy](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-analytics/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-revamp-header-dropdown/developer-experience-icon.svg) Agentic Supply Chain AI-powered advisor for smart sourcing, vendor insights, and strategic procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-procurement/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-serverless-application-development.svg) Agentic Security AI-driven defense delivering proactive threat detection and autonomous security orchestration](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/agentic-security/) By Integration [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-metaverse.svg) Snowflake AI Agents Pre-built connectors for real-time data intelligence on Snowflake](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/snowflake-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-cloud-migration.svg) Databricks AI Agents AI agents for automated data workflows and insights on Databricks](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/databricks-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-application-modernization.svg) ServiceNow AI Agents AI workflows to streamline service, incident, and operations automation](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/servicenow-ai-agents/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-devsecops.svg) Jira/Project Management Agents AI agents for backlog grooming, sprint planning, and real-time project visibility](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/jira-agents-actions/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-digital-experience-platform.svg) SAP AI Agents AI copilots for finance, supply chain, and HR decisions across your SAP landscape](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/sap-agents-actions/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-hr-and-recruitment.svg) Oracle AI Agents AI agents for financials, risk, and operations intelligence across Oracle applications](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/oracle-agents-actions/) - Solutions Solutions Governed AI solutions driving measurable business outcomes across operations, finance, security, and analytics [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-devops.svg) ReliabilityOps — Cloud Reliability Automation Automate reliability checks and optimize uptime with continuous reasoning](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/cloudops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/cloud-native-kubernetes.svg) IncidentOps — AI-Driven Site Reliability Resolve incidents faster with AI-led triage, contextual RCA, and adaptive recovery](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/sre-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-custom-software-development.svg) PlatformOps — Unified Platform Automation Unify infrastructure and AI systems with reasoning-driven automation and compliance](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/platformops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-customer-analytics.svg) DefenseOps — Autonomous Threat Defense Detect, analyze, and neutralize threats autonomously with adaptive defense intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/responsible-ai-aviator/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-business-intelligence.svg) TrustOps — Responsible AI and Continuous Governance Ensure transparency, fairness, and compliance in every AI system and decision](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/secops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-manufacturing.svg) RiskOps — Predictive Risk Intelligence Predict, score, and mitigate risks proactively with real-time assurance intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/risk-management-aviator/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-explainable-ai.svg) FactoryOps — AI-Driven Industrial Automation Predict equipment failures and optimize production with adaptive intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/industrial-automation-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-enterprise-operational-analytics.svg) AssetOps — Automated Asset Reliability Enable predictive maintenance and optimize lifecycle performance continuously](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/asset-operations-and-maintenance-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ai-driven-industries-infrastructure%20.svg) QualityOps — Continuous Testing Intelligence Accelerate testing cycles with autonomous validation and reasoning feedback](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/qaops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-insurance.svg) SourcingOps — Intelligent Procurement Automate sourcing, vendor analysis, and spend insights for agile procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/procurement-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-augmented-data-management.svg) DataOps — Autonomous Data Pipeline Governance Ensure reliability, detect anomalies, and self-heal data pipelines automatically](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/dataops-reimagined/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/decision-intelligence-metaverse.svg) DecisionOps — Intelligent Decisioning Deliver explainable, auditable, and measurable outcomes with reasoning AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/ai-agents/desicison-reimagined/) - Industries Industries Industry blueprints showcasing agentic transformation, real-world impact, and measurable outcomes across key sectors [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/adaptive-ai-computer-vision.svg) Aerospace and Defense Autonomous flight systems and predictive maintenance powered by AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/aerospace/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-fintech.svg) Banking - Finance - Payments AI governance for secure, compliant, and adaptive financial operations](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/banking/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-retail.svg) Manufacturing and Industrial Automation Smart factories using reasoning systems for real-time quality optimization](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/digital-manufacturing-services/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/optimize-cloud-infrastrcuture.svg) Enterprise - IT Operations AI-powered IT operations ensuring reliability, scalability, and cost efficiency](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/enterprise-technology/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/xs-scale-clients-and-partners.svg) Consumer – Experience – Tech Personalized digital experiences driven by explainable and trusted AI](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/consumer-technology/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/discover-platform-engineering.svg) Retail and Supply Chain Autonomous retail analytics enhancing operations, engagement, and forecasting accuracy](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/retail/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/industries-healthcare.svg) Travel – Hospitality – Guest Experience Agentic systems delivering personalized guest journeys with contextual intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/industries/travel-hospitality/) - Resources Resources Explore insights, success stories, and learning programs that build knowledge and strengthen the AI transformation journey [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/xs-scale-xenonstack-university.svg) Blogs Stay updated with the latest industry trends, news, and thought leadership](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/insights.svg) Insights Explore in-depth AI articles, use cases, and innovative applications](https://www.xenonstack.com/insights) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/use-case.svg) Use Cases Discover real-world applications of Agentic AI across industries](https://www.xenonstack.com/use-cases) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/scale-cloud-native-applications.svg) Case Studies Learn how organizations are achieving success with our solutions](https://xenonstack.com/case-studies) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/video.svg) Video Library Explore our collection of product demos, webinars, and AI thought leadership videos](https://www.xenonstack.com/videos/) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/ebook.svg) E-Books Download comprehensive e-books on AI, SRE, and more](https://www.xenonstack.com/e-book) [![pointers-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xs-header-dropdown/presentation.svg) Presentations View our AI presentations, talks, and conference sessions on AI innovation](https://www.xenonstack.com/presentations/) - 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Book Strategy Call ![slider-cross-icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/slider-cross-icon.svg) ## Interested in Solving your Challenges with XenonStack Team ## Get Started Get Started with your requirements and primary focus, that will help us to make your solution First Name \* Please enter a valid First Name Last Name \* Please enter a valid Last Name Business Email ID \* Please enter a valid Business Email ID Contact Number \* Please enter a valid Contact Number Company \* Please enter a valid Company Name Industry Belongs To \* Please Select your Industry Banking Fintech Payment Providers Wealth Management Discrete Manufacturing Semiconductor Machinery Manufacturing / Automation Appliances / Electrical / Electronics Elevator Manufacturing Defense & Space Manufacturing Computers & Electronics / Industrial Machinery Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Food and Beverages Distillery & Wines Beverages Shipping Logistics Mobility (EV / Public Transport) Energy & Utilities Hospitality Digital Gaming Platforms SportsTech with AI Public Safety - Explosives Public Safety - Firefighting Public Safety - Surveillance Public Safety - Others Media Platforms City Operations Airlines & Aviation Defense Warfare & Drones Robotics Engineering Drones Manufacturing AI Labs for Colleges AI MSP / Quantum / AGI Institutes Retail Apparel and Fashion Please select all the required fields before proceeding Proceed Next ## Interested in Solving your Challenges with XenonStack ## Personalization Get Started with your requirements and primary focus, that will help us to make your solution ### What is your Key focus areas? \* AI Workflow and Operations Data Management and Operations AI Governance Analytics and Insights Observability Security Operations Risk and Compliance Procurement and Supply Chain Private Cloud AI Vision AI ### In Which Agentic Platform and Accelerator you are Interested? \* Akira AI - Agentic AI Platform Multi Agent System Metasecure - Autonomous SOC Nexastack – Build and Managed Compound AI Stack Data Foundry XAI – Vision and AI Platform – Visual AI Agents Strategy Consulting AI Managed Services Others (Please Specify) ### Which segment does your company belong to? \* Startup Scale Startup SME Mid Enterprises Large Enterprises Federal Government Non Profits Others (Please Specify) ### At what stage is your AI use case currently in? \* Conceptualized: Use case defined, PoC pending POC Completed In Production with challenges Not yet defined Others (Please Specify) ### What are the primary challenges in adopting AI? \* Data Quality Issues Data Privacy and Compliance Aligning AI with business goals Unclear ROI from POCs Integration with existing ERP systems Scalability Challenges Moving POCs in Production Infrastructure Limitation High Implementation costs Others (Please Specify) ### What kind of infrastructure does your organization currently using? \* AWS Microsoft Azure GCP IBM Cloud Oracle Cloud On Premises Others (Please Specify) ### Are you using any Data platform? \* Databricks SnowFlake Amazon Redshift Azure Synapse Analytics Microsoft Fabric Teradata Oracle Database SAP Hana Informatica Google Cloud BigQuery Others (Please Specify) ### Preferred Approach for AI Transformation \* Assisted Intelligence Agents as Co-Pilot Collaborative Intelligence Agents as AI Teammates Autonomous Intelligence Agents – AI Agents Agentic Actions Agentic Process Automation ### In Which Domain your Solution/Organization belongs to in-terms of Data Privacy, Trustworthy AI \* Internal Organization Highly Regulated Industry (Healthcare, Financials etc) Medium Regulated Non Regulated ### Captcha Verification \* captcha text ![Refresh Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hs-fs/hubfs/refresh.png?width=20&height=20&name=refresh.png) Please select all the required fields Review Previous Submit ![green-checkmark](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/green-checkmark.svg) ## your request has been submitted successfully ! Our XenonStack Team will shortly reach out to you. We are looking forward to showcase how XenonStack can transform your business. ![usecase-banner (1)](https://www.xenonstack.com/hs-fs/hubfs/usecase-banner%20(1).webp?width=1921&height=622&name=usecase-banner%20(1).webp) [Data Science](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/tag/data-science) # Semantic Search Engine with Ontology and Machine learning [Dr. Jagreet Kaur](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/author/dr-jagreet-kaur) | 29 August 2024 ## **Understanding Semantic Analysis** The word semantic is a **Linguistic** term. It means something related to meaning in a language or logic.Understanding How Semantic Search works - In a natural language, semantic analysis is relating the structures and occurrences of the words, phrases, clauses, paragraphs etc and understanding the idea of what’s written in particular text. Does the formation of the sentences, occurrence Semantic Analysis, Semantic Search,Domain Ontology, Natural Language Processing of the words make any sense? The challenge we face in the technologically advanced world is to make the computer understand the language or logic as much as the human does. Semantic analysis requires rules to be defined for the system. These rules are same as the way we think about a language and we ask the computer to imitate. For example, “apple is red” is a simple sentence which a human understands that there is something called as Apple and it is red in colour and the human knows that red means color. For a computer, this is an alien language. The concept of linguistics here is this sentence formation has a structure in it. Subject-Predicate-object or in short form s-p-o. Where "apple" is subject, "is" is predicate and "red" are objects. Similarly, there are other linguistic nuances that are used in the semantic analysis. --- ## **Need of Semantic Analysis** The reason why we want the computer to understand as much as we do is that we have a lot of data and we have to make the most out of it. Let us strictly restrict ourselves to text data. Extracting appropriate data (results) based on the query is one of the challenging tasks. This data can be a whole document or just an answer to a query and that depends on the query itself. Assume that we have million text documents in our database and if we have a query for which the answer is in the documents. The challenges are - Getting the appropriate documents - Listing them in the ranked order - Giving the answer to the query if it is specific --- ## **Keyword-based Search vs Semantic Search** In a search engine, a keyword-based search is the searching technique which is implemented in the text documents based on the words that are found in the query. The query is initially processed for text [cleaning and preprocessing](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/data-preparation-roadmap) and then based on the words used in the query the searching is done on the documents. The documents are returned based on the most number of matches of the query words with documents. In semantic search, we take care of the frequency of the words, syntactic structure of the natural language and other linguistic elements. In semantic search, the system understands the exact requirement of the search query. When we search for “Usain Bolt” in Google, it returns the most appropriate documents and web pages regarding the famous athlete despite much more people with the same name since the search engine understands that we are searching for an athlete. ![Keyword Based Search](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/usain-bolt-xenonstack.png) Now, if we are a little specific in our search and search for Usain Bolt birthday, Google returns it as, ![Semantic based Search](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/usain-bolt-birthday-xenonstack.png) So, since Usain Bolt is quite a famous figure it might not be a surprising aspect for us. But there are a large number of other famous personalities and it is close to impossible to store all the information manually and show up accurately when a query is given by the user. Moreover, the search query may not be constant. Each individual may query differently. Semantic techniques are applied here to store the data and fetch the results upon querying. Let us see a different way of querying the above on Google ![Different Ways of Searching on Google](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/when-is-usain-birthday-xenonstack.png) ![Different Ways of Searching on Google](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/when-did-usain-born-xenonstack.png) From above figures, it is evident that whatever way you give the search query, the search engine understands the intent of the user. > You May also Love to Read [Overview of Artificial Intelligence and Role of NLP in Big Data](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/natural-language-processing/) --- ## **Domain Ontology based Semantic Search** Earlier, we have seen search efficiency of Google which searches irrespective of any particular domain. Searches of this kind are based on open information extraction. What if we require a search engine for a specific domain? The domain may be anything. A college, A particular sport, a specific subject, a famous location, tourist spots etc. For example, suppose we have a college and we want to create a search engine only for that college such that any text query regarding the college is answered by the search engine. For this purpose, we create domain ontology. ### **What is an Ontology?** An ontology is set of concepts, their definitions, descriptions, properties, and relations. The relations here are relations among concepts and relations among relations. ## **Ontology Development Process** Before starting to create an ontology, we first choose the domain of consideration. We list out all the concepts related to that domain along with the relations. We have a data structure which is already defined to represent the ontology. Ontology is created as .owl files. An OWL file consists of concepts as classes and for classes, there are subclasses, properties, instances, data types and much more. All this information will be in XML form. For simplicity, there are tools available to create ontologies like Protege. ![Ontology Development Process](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/creating-ontology-xenonstack.png) --- ## **Storing the Unstructured Text Data in RDF Form** Ontology is created based on the concepts and we are ready to use this to find out the appropriate document for the query in a search engine. The text documents which are available in unstructured form need a structure and we call it as semantic structure. Thanks to RDF (Resource Description Framework). RDF is a structure where we store the information given in text into triples form. These triples are similar to the triples that we have discussed earlier i.e. s-p-o form. [Machine Learning](https://www.xenonstack.com/big-data-analytics/machine-learning/) and Text Analysis process is used to extract data required and store in the form of triples. This way the knowledge base is ready. Both the ontology as well as structured form of text data as RDF’s ![Storing Unstructured Data in RDF Form](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-storing-unstructured-data-in-rdf-form.png) --- ## **Real-Time Semantic Search Engine Architecture** Implementation of the architecture on "Computer Science" Domain - The complete architecture for the search engine would be "Platform as a Service (PAAS)". Let us consider an example of "Computer Science" as a domain. In this, the user can search for faculty CVs from the desired universities and research areas based on the query. So the steps to build a Semantic Search Engine are - - Crawl the documents (DOC, PDF, XML, HTML etc) from various universities and classify faculty profiles - Convert the unstructured text present in various formats to structured RDF form as described in earlier sections. - Build Ontology for Computer Science Domain - Store the data in Apache Jena triple store (Both Ontology and RDF's) - Use SPARQL query language on the data Finally, the user can search for the required data by university or research area. Additionally, if a user has a project information i.e. any project of his/her own regarding Computer Science, the user can submit the project and the system analyze the project to identify appropriate faculty profiles working in a similar subject area. Various  [Big Data](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/big-data-ingestion/) components are necessary to make the search engine feasible to search in [real-time](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/stream-analytics/). ![Real-Time Semantic Search Engine Architecture](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/ligustic-semantic-xenonstack.jpg) > You May also Love to Read [Data Preprocessing and Data Wrangling in Machine Learning and Deep Learning](https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/data-preparation-roadmap) --- ## **Data Ingestion using Web Crawler** Starting with the data extraction process, a web crawler was built which scrapes the content from any university or educational websites. This Web Crawler is built using Akka framework which is highly scalable, concurrent and distributed. This also supports almost all type of files like HTML, DOC, PDF, Text Files and even images. Web Crawler supports HTTP and HTTPS protocols and proxy server support was also there. --- ## **HDFS Data Persistence Model** The extracted data from these files is saved to persistence HDFS storage system. Replication can be used to avoid node failure. Before moving the data to HDFS, preprocessing should be done like replacing all-new line tags (p, br etc) with newline characters and then data is moved using Web HDFS API's. Web crawler also generates Kafka Event whenever a URL is scrapped, so that after the successful event the data extraction process is done immediately. JSON serialization can be used while writing messages to Kafka Topic. --- ## **Real-Time Data Processing using Spark Streaming** Data Processing layer uses Spark Streaming to receive real-time events from Kafka. An example of how to do the process is, create 16 partitions in Kafka and allow Spark Steaming job to deploy on 4 node cluster. Then launch 2 executors per worker to read Kafka events from 16 partitions concurrently. When an "out of memory" issue is faced, we'll have a delay in Spark job, it can be observed that Garbage collection pauses the Spark job. In which case, the G1GC algorithm can be used and tune runtime parameters of the garbage collector. After this step, we process the data for cleaning and Preprocessing. Web Induction Techniques are used to clean HTML pages and different methods are used for different file types. --- ## **Machine Learning Algorithms for Data Extraction** The series of steps that follow is to extract information from the data using machine learning techniques. - A corpus was created as well as a set of rules based on this corpus to classify if a crawled text document is a faculty profile or not. - The classification algorithm is used to classify the extracted faculty profile to find out if it belongs to computer science or not. Supervised learning techniques are used for this purpose. - To run the supervised model we require training data. Training data here is manually collected faculty profiles(CV's) from various Universities across multiple departments. The training data finally contains faculty CV along with the tag which represents the department he/she belongs to. -  This training data is used to run the supervised model. Using this model on crawled data once can classify new document if it is Computer Science faculty document among all the extracted ones. The next step is to find out the top three research areas in which the faculty has worked on. Similar to the previous classification process, the data set is created for the research areas. This dataset is trained with Machine Learning and based on the probability values returned for each text document, the top three research areas are considered to store in the RDF. Various techniques can be used to extract information like Email ID, research publication titles, names, university(institution name) etc from the CV and all the extracted information is stored in RDF form. --- ## **Ontology Development Process** Ontology file is also known as OWL file in which we define various OWL Classes which represent various departments, research areas etc and relations between them. Besides this, data properties for Named Individuals are also given for every data entered into the ontology. In simple words, Ontology is like a schema file and Named Individuals are instances we create using this schema. This Ontology is the Heart of Semantic Search since the data available in the ontology will not only have data but also the relations among the data. Since the [SPARQL](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/) querying is done on RDF’s using this ontology file, these relations defined come in handy to fetch most appropriate results. --- ## **Linguistic Analysis of Text** Linguistic Analysis is used for information extraction in which rules are defined to annotate our text data. Various Annotations like Person, Organization, Location, Company etc. are used to extract important features from text data. Other annotations like Publications, Author Names, and other bibliographic information can be detected using Machine Learning and NLP techniques. After the feature extraction from text data, we need to identify the relation between sentences. Semantic Analysis allows us to build relations between text data and further they are converted into triples. Triples mainly contain three components - **Subject** - The subject stands for the URL, document, the person we are talking about. - **Predicate** - Relations are stored in Predicates. - **Object** - Object holds that relation value for the particular subject. These triples are then stored in Triple DataStore. --- ## **Automatic Query Expansion using Linguistic Perspective** The main motto of Semantic Search Engine is to understand what exactly user wants. So User can search via universities, research areas, and other important keywords. The user can also find people working in same research area by giving a short description of his work/projects etc. Important Feature is Search Query Expansion using Ontology File. The System automatically detects ontology relations from user search query using Linguistic and Semantic Analysis. The user query is initially processed for text analysis process to detect the words related to the domain. These words are further expanded using the ontology file. The relations are used and based on the relations the expanded words will get a score. --- ## **Query Ranking Algorithm** [Apache Solr](https://solr.apache.org/) can be used to index the RDF Data on the basis of various departments and research areas. Further, TF-IDF Algorithm converts the text data into vector form and cosine similarity is measured between the expanded query based on the ontology file and RDF data of each text document to find similarity score. Based on this score the documents are returned in ranked order. --- ## **Concluding Semantic Search**   The idea behind the semantic search is creating ontologies and changing the unstructured text data into structured RDF triples with the help of text analysis, machine learning techniques, semantic and linguistic techniques. Once the database is ready we can use the SPARQL query on the RDF’s and extract the resultant documents in a ranking order based on the cosine similarity between query and documents. The creation of a perfect ontology for any domain though not possible but can be made better all the time. Better the ontology file, better will be the search results. Semantic analysis and semantic search are quite advanced techniques when compared to a keyword-based search as the system can analyze the linguistic nuances and collocations to perfection as a human does. 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This ensures faster detection, fewer incidents, and stronger reliability - ![Performance Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/performance.svg)Proactive detection of performance and availability issues - ![Root Cause Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/root-cause.svg)Root-cause analysis across microservices and environments - ![Remediation Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/remediation.svg)Automated remediation playbooks to reduce MTTR [Explore Agent SRE](https://agentsre.ai/) ![akira-ai-banner-illustration](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/akira-ai-banner-illustration.svg) ✕ ## Physical Surveillance with Vision AI Agent Technology AI converts camera feeds into instant situational awareness. It detects unusual motion and unsafe behavior in real time. Long hours of video become searchable and summarized instantly - ![Motion Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/motion.svg)Real-time detection of suspicious motion or intrusion - ![Video Search Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/video-search.svg)Natural language video search and instant playback - ![Summary Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/summary.svg)Smart summaries for audits, investigations, and compliance [See Vision AI in Action](https://www.xenonstack.ai/) ![physical-surveillance](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xai-banner-image.svg) ✕ ## Agentic Data Intelligence Across Your Full Data Stack Your data stack becomes intelligent and conversational. Agents surface insights, detect anomalies, and explain trends. Move from dashboards to autonomous, always-on analytics - ![Connects warehouses](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/data-icon.svg)Connects to warehouses, lakes, and streaming sources - ![Question Answering](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/answers.svg)Question-answering in natural language - ![Continuous monitoring](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/monitoring-2.svg)Continuous monitoring for anomalies and KPI deviations [See in Action](https://elixirdata.co/) ![agentic-data-intelligence](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/empowerment-of-analysts.svg) ✕ ## Intelligent Diagnostic for Self-Healing System Automation Agents identify recurring failures and performance issues. They trigger workflows that resolve common problems automatically. Your infrastructure evolves into a self-healing environment - ![Diagnostics Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/diagnostic.svg)Automated diagnostics for recurring errors - ![Playbook Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/playbook.svg)Playbook execution: restart services, scale pods, clear queues - ![Feedback Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/feedback.svg)Feedback loop for improving remediation strategies [See in Action](https://agentanalyst.ai/) ![intelligent-diagnostic](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/dataops-reimagined-banner-image.svg) ✕ ## Agentic GRC - Monitoring Risk and Compliance Controls AI continuously checks controls and compliance posture. It detects misconfigurations and risks before they escalate. Evidence collection becomes automatic and audit-ready - ![Controls Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/controls.svg)Continuous control checks across infrastructure and SaaS - ![Audit Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/audit.svg)Automated evidence collection for audits - ![Risk Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/risk.svg)Risk scoring and prioritized remediation recommendations [Explore Agent GRC](https://agentgrc.ai/) ![monitoring-risk-and-compliance](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/enhanced-security-measures.svg) ✕ ## Agentic Finance and Procurement Intelligent Agents Financial and procurement workflows become proactive and insight-driven. Agents monitor spend, vendors, and contracts in real time. Approvals and sourcing decisions become faster and smarter - ![Visibility Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/visibility.svg)Real-time visibility into spend and commitments - ![Anomaly Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/anomaly.svg)Anomaly detection on invoices and vendor performance - ![Workflow Icon](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/workflow.svg)Intelligent workflows for approvals and sourcing decisions [Optimize Finance & Procurement](https://www.xenonify.ai/) ![agentic-finance-and-procurement](https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/responsible-ai-aviators-banner-illustration.svg) ```json { "@context" : "https://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Dr. Jagreet Kaur", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/author/dr-jagreet-kaur" }, "dateModified" : "2024-08-29T05:30:00.549Z", "datePublished" : "2018-05-23T18:30:00.000Z", "headline" : "Semantic Search Engine with Ontology and Machine learning", "image" : [ "https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-semantic-search-based-on-domain-ontology.png" ], "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/semantic-search-engine", "@type" : "WebPage" }, "publisher" : { "@type" : "Organization", "logo" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/Xenonstack-Serives%20-3-2-2021-10.png" }, "name" : "Xenonstack Inc" } } ``` ```json { "@context" : "http://schema.org", "@type" : "Organization", "address" : { "@type" : "PostalAddress", "addressCountry" : "USA", "addressLocality" : "Plano", "addressRegion" : "Texas", "postalCode" : "75024", "streetAddress" : "7700 Windrose Ave. " }, "description" : "XenonStack is the #1 Data and AI foundry and technology services company to simplify and scale Enterprise and Generative AI Journeys.", "email" : "business@xenonstack.com", "logo" : "https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8161231/Xenonstack-Serives%20-3-2-2021-10.png", "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/semantic-search-engine", "@type" : "WebPage", "description" : "How to build your own Ontology-Based and Semantic Search algorithms on Domain Ontology with Machine learning, Apache Spark and Apache Jena" }, "name" : "XenonStack", "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/XenonStack", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/xenonstack/", "https://www.youtube.com/c/XenonStackOfficial", "https://twitter.com/xenonstack" ], "telephone" : "", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/" } ``` ```json { "@context" : "http://schema.org", "@type" : "BlogPosting", "author" : { "@type" : "Person", "name" : "Dr. Jagreet Kaur" }, "dateModified" : "August 29, 2024, 5:30:00 AM", "datePublished" : "2018-05-23 18:30:00", "description" : "How to build your own Ontology-Based and Semantic Search algorithms on Domain Ontology with Machine learning, Apache Spark and Apache Jena", "headline" : "Semantic Search Engine with Ontology and Machine learning", "image" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/hubfs/xenonstack-semantic-search-based-on-domain-ontology.png" }, "mainEntityOfPage" : { "@id" : "https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/semantic-search-engine", "@type" : "WebPage" }, "publisher" : { "@type" : "Organization", "logo" : { "@type" : "ImageObject", "url" : "https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8161231/Xenonstack-Serives%20-3-2-2021-10.png" }, "name" : "XenonStack" } } ```